Menu

What’s Driving Global Liquidity?

Darius sat down with Maggie Lake last week on Real Vision’s Daily Briefing to discuss all things Global Liquidity.

If you missed the interview, here are three takeaways from the conversation that have significant implications for your portfolio: 

1. The Recent Surge In The Dollar Has Negatively Impacted Global Liquidity

Our 42 Macro Global Liquidity proxy, a sum of global central bank balance sheets, global broad money supply, and global FX reserves minus gold, is a key driver of risk assets like equities and bitcoin.

Since mid-July, the US Dollar has rallied aggressively. This rally weighed on global liquidity because the Dollar and FX volatility are negatively correlated to global liquidity.

If we see a breakout in currency volatility, which is in the process of occurring according to our Volatility-Adjusted Momentum Signal, the negative global liquidity impulse could continue to decline, negatively impacting risk assets. 

2. Currency And Interest Rate Volatility Have Hampered Private Sector Liquidity

Most retail investors think of liquidity solely in terms of whether or not central banks are supplying liquidity to the global financial system. 

Private sector agents like commercial banks and non-bank lenders – primarily from net international investment surplus economies like Europe and Japan – also supply liquidity, referred to as “private sector liquidity.”

Recent currency and interest rate volatility have made it difficult for these private sector agents to supply liquidity to the system, impeding the overall global liquidity supply.

3. The Dollar Could Reach Its Highs From Last October If It Slows Its Trajectory

If the dollar continues its aggressive trend over the next few months, the Fed may have to step in and intervene because it will likely coincide with something “breaking” in the Treasury market. 

But, if the dollar slows its trajectory and grinds its way higher, we believe it may reach its highs of $113 from October of last year in DXY terms.

That’s a wrap! 

If you found this blog post helpful:

  1. Go to www.42macro.com to unlock actionable, hedge-fund-caliber investment insights.
  2. RT this thread and follow @DariusDale42 and @42Macro.
  3. Have a great day!

Is Goldilocks Going to End Soon?

Darius sat down with Mike Ippolito last week on the On The Margin podcast to discuss the FOMC, interest rates, inflation, and more.

If you missed the interview, here are three takeaways from the conversation that have significant implications for your portfolio: 

1. We Believe The Projections From The September FOMC Meeting Are Wishful Thinking

In the September FOMC meeting, the FED hiked its 2024 and 2025 median dot plot estimates by 50 basis points.

Despite these hawkish revisions to its growth and labor market estimates, the Fed still sees Core PCE decelerating by 3.7% by year-end, 2.6% by 2024, 2.3% by 2025, and 2.0% by 2026.

We disagree with the Fed’s projections and believe they will need to engineer a recession to bring down inflation to below-trend levels.

2. The Fed Will Likely Need to Cut Rates More Than What The Market Is Currently Pricing

The current Fed Funds futures pricing shows the expectation that the Fed will begin cutting rates mid-2024 – we believe this current pricing is misguided. 

Our research shows that a recession is the modal outcome, so we believe the Fed will need to cut by more than what is currently priced.

The 10-year three-month treasury yield curve, an indicator that has successfully predicted a recession eight out of the nine times it has inverted since its inception – and eight of the last eight – continues to be deeply inverted and supports our view.

3. Inflation Will Likely Trend Higher In The Coming Months 

Our research shows that the median Core PCE delta in the year leading up to a recession is +5 bps, suggesting Core PCE is generally ‘flat to up’ in the year preceding a recession. 

Additionally, the three-month annualized rates of the different indicators of the inflation basket have halted their downward trend. Although the headline YoY numbers may continue to decelerate, we are seeing increases in specific indicators like:

We believe that many of the indicators that make up the inflation basket will trend higher in the next few months and will not decline to below-trend levels until we go through a recession. 

That’s a wrap! 

If you found this blog post helpful:

  1. Go to www.42macro.com to unlock actionable, hedge-fund-caliber investment insights.
  2. RT this thread and follow @DariusDale42 and @42Macro.
  3. Have a great day!

The Current State of China

Darius sat down with Anthony Pompliano last week to discuss China’s economic landscape.

If you missed the interview, here are three takeaways from the conversation that have significant implications for your portfolio: 

1. The Evergrande Debt Default May Have Spillover Effects on The Broader Chinese Economy

One of Evergrande’s subsidiaries recently defaulted on nearly 600 million dollars worth of principal and interest payments.



The implications are significant for two reasons:

A bankruptcy of Evergrande’s size could lead to knock-on effects for the Chinese economy.

2. If China Does Not Issue Large-Scale Fiscal Stimulus, They Will Likely Remain In Their Liquidity Trap.

China and Japan supplied trillions of dollars in global liquidity from Q4 2022 to Q1 2023, a primary factor in the BTC and stock market recovery we have seen so far this year.



But if China does not issue large-scale fiscal stimulus, they will likely fall back into their “liquidity trap”:

Today, China’s economy looks very similar to Japan’s from the early 1990s. 

3. Just Because The Chinese Economy Has Downshifted From A Growth Perspective Does Not Mean It Will Stop Demanding Energy Products

The volume of Crude Oil imports is near all-time high levels established in 2020.

Conversely, the volume of Copper imports is down 38% from the 2020 highs. 

This is significant because Crude Oil creates inflation across the global economy, while Copper more closely signifies underlying demand for materials and goods and is correlated to growth.

That’s a wrap! 

If you found this blog post helpful:

  1. Go to www.42macro.com to unlock actionable, hedge-fund-caliber investment insights.
  2. RT this thread and follow @DariusDale42 and @42Macro.
  3. Have a great day!

Get Ready For ‘Markets Gone Wild’

Darius sat down with Adam Taggart, founder and CEO of Wealthion, last week to discuss Bitcoin, the stock market, the probability of a recession, and much more.

If you missed the interview, here are three takeaways from the conversation that have significant implications for your portfolio: 

1. The US Equity Market Still Has Significant Right Tail Risk Over The Next 3-6 Months

The stock market has historically performed well heading into a recession:

Our research currently indicates a blow-off top in equities in the months ahead given – especially given the starting point of severely depressed investor sentiment. 

2. We Believe The Most Likely Path Forward Is For The Economy to Devolve Into A Mild Recession

Prior to deep recessions, credit typically increases as banks extend credit to less credit-worthy borrowers. 

Then, when the economy experiences a tightening of monetary or fiscal policy, the effects are amplified by the large amount of credit present in the financial system.

Today, we have limited credit cycle vulnerabilities, indicated by:

These indicators suggest the recession will likely be moderate because the economy has not experienced the rapid build-up of credit that usually occurs before deep recessions.

3. Bitcoin Will Underperform Stocks Until A Recession Or Sovereign Debt Crisis Forces Central Banks To Pivot

We expect Bitcoin to struggle over the next few quarters until we find a bottom amidst the recession.

If stocks experience a drawdown of 24%, their median drawdown in a recession, Bitcoin will likely fall orders of magnitude further. 

Our 42 Macro Global Liquidity Proxy, measured by the aggregated sum of the global central bank balance sheets, global broad money supply, and global FX reserves minus gold, has been trending lower and will likely decline further over the medium term.

Still, we believe Bitcoin will trend significantly higher in the coming years. But we likely will not see a meteoric rise without a recession or significant problem in the sovereign debt markets that causes the stimulus to put Bitcoin on that path. 

That’s a wrap! 

If you found this blog post helpful:

  1. Go to www.42macro.com to unlock actionable, hedge-fund-caliber investment insights.
  2. RT this thread and follow @DariusDale42 and @42Macro.
  3. Have a great day!

Stocks To Surge & Bonds To Sell Off Before Recession Hits By Early 2024

Darius sat down with Adam Taggart, founder and CEO of Wealthion, last week to discuss inflation, the labor market, the probability of a recession, and much more.

If you missed the interview, here are three takeaways from the conversation that have significant implications for your portfolio: 

1. A Resilient US economy Leads to A Resilient Labor Market

The labor market has remained relatively resilient:

Labor market conditions are likely to remain robust until the spring of next year. 
 

2. “Immaculate Disinflation” Will Give Way To “Sticky Inflation” In The Coming Months

We believe the Immaculate Disinflation that has occurred will likely run out in the coming months. Historically, the US economy has always required a recession to bring inflation back to a below-trend level.

Our HOPE+I framework looks at how unique baskets of indicators representing the housing, orders, production/profits, employment, and inflation cycles have historically behaved around recessions.

 

The framework shows that inflation typically breaks down 6 – 8 months after a recession starts.

There is no historical evidence to anticipate anything other than inflation exhibiting a similar pattern in this business cycle.

3. The Spread Between Labor Demand And Labor Supply Will Likely Remain Positive For Several Quarters

The most recent US Total Labor Force SA reading was 168 million people – a value below its 2009 to 2019 trendline. 

Conversely, Gross Domestic Income recovered its trendline approximately two years ago and remains above it. 

Looking at the spread between labor demand and labor supply, we found that labor demand outpaces labor supply by approximately 2.5 million workers. 

This spread will likely take a few quarters to return to zero and has sticky implications for workers’ bargaining power for their wages because the spread has historically been correlated to the annual change in the Private Sector Employment Cost Index.

 
That’s a wrap! 

If you found this blog post helpful:

  1. Go to www.42macro.com to unlock actionable, hedge-fund-caliber investment insights.
  2. RT this thread and follow @DariusDale42 and @42Macro.
  3. Have a great day!

What is the Bond Market Signaling?

Darius recently sat down with Ash Bennington on Real Vision’s Daily Briefing to explore the bond market, inflation, FOMC, and more.

If you missed the interview, here are three takeaways from the conversation that have significant implications for your portfolio: 

1. The Resilient US Economy Is Likely To Perpetuate The Bear Steepening in The Bond Market

The economy has been and will continue to be resilient for the following ten reasons:

We expect the resilient US economy theme will continue for the next three to six months and continue to perpetuate the bear steepening in the bond market.

2. We Challenge The Fed’s New Economic Projections 

This week’s FOMC meeting produced a “goldilocks” summary of economic projections:

With these projections, the Fed implicitly states that we will get more growth and better labor market conditions while still having a soft landing in inflation.

We disagree with the Fed’s view on this, as our research shows that inflation typically breaks down six to eight months into recession. 

3. Is 3% the new 2%?

Our secular inflation model indicates that we will have 50-100% more trend Core PCE inflation in this decade relative to the last decade. 

We track a basket of indicators correlated with the underlying trend of inflation that indicates the underlying trend is headed to 2.5% in this decade. 

Additionally, when you weigh the model on each indicator’s impact, the core PCE trend goes from 1.6% to 3.2%, equating to a 3.5% trend in headline CPI. 

Our models indicate that 3% may be the new 2% – both in terms of the trend in inflation and the Fed’s likely-to-be-revised inflation target. 

That’s a wrap! 

If you found this blog post helpful:

  1. Go to www.42macro.com to unlock actionable, hedge-fund-caliber investment insights.
  2. RT this thread and follow @DariusDale42 and @42Macro.
  3. Have a great day!

What is the Outlook for Commercial Real Estate?

Darius recently sat down with Nick Halaris to explore the current state of US commercial real estate.

If you missed the interview, here are three takeaways from the conversation that have significant implications for your portfolio: 

1. A Commercial Real Estate Disaster May Be On The Horizon

Over the past couple of years, there has been a confluence of factors that have negatively impacted the real estate sector:

As a result, US commercial property prices are back down to pre-covid levels. Although they have declined substantially since the COVID-19 blow-off top, they will likely decline even further.


 

2. Commercial Real Estate Distress Levels Are On The Rise… Albeit Slowly

Distress levels in US commercial real estate have been accelerating since mid-2020 but are not yet at levels seen in the Great Financial Crisis because:

3. Commercial Real Estate Investment Volume Is Drying Up

Investment volume is down significantly YoY across commercial real estate:

Sellers are hesitant to sell because they expect inflation will increase again, increasing the value of their properties back to 2022 levels.

Buyers are hesitant to buy because their existing exposure is declining in value and interest rates are pricing them out of further investment.

Transactions are sparse as a result. The waiting game continues….

That’s a wrap! 

If you found this blog post helpful:

  1. Go to www.42macro.com to unlock actionable, hedge-fund-caliber investment insights.
  2. RT this thread and follow @DariusDale42 and @42Macro.
  3. Have a great day!

Will Inflation Come Back HOT?

Darius recently sat down with Anthony Pompliano to discuss inflation, its direction, and its effect on asset markets.

If you missed the interview, here are three takeaways from the conversation that have significant implications for your portfolio: 

1. Headline CPI Is Accelerating Again, Primarily Due to Energy

Last month, the 3-month annualized growth rate of headline inflation spiked from just under 2% to 3.9%.

A material increase in energy inflation drove the move. 

Until last month, the three-month annualized rate of energy inflation had been negative for approximately one year; the August CPI report indicated an energy inflation increase of 25.4% on a 3-month annualized basis.

We expect the increase in energy inflation to persist as Brent crude oil continues its upward momentum.
 

2. Core CPI Continues to Decelerate, Primarily Due to Shelter

While Headline CPI is increasing, Core CPI, a measure that excludes some of the most volatile components like food and energy prices and therefore provides a clearer view of the underlying trend in inflation, is decreasing.

Last Wednesday’s report showed that:

3. Producer Price Inflation Is Back on The Rise Again And May Also Represent The Vanguard of Sticky Inflation

PPI, which measures price changes from the producer’s perspective, accelerated to 4.2% on a 3-month annualized basis – the highest value since the first half of last year.

Leading underlying measures of inflation like Super Core PPI are beginning to show upside momentum and we are starting to see the first signs that inflation is potentially bottoming out.

The return of inflation is negative for asset markets – with it comes a stronger dollar and greater bond market volatility, both of which are headwinds for any increase in global liquidity.

 
That’s a wrap!


If you found this blog post helpful:

  1. Go to www.42macro.com to unlock actionable, hedge-fund-caliber investment insights.
  2. RT this thread and follow @42Macro and @42MacroWeather.
  3. Have a great day!

US-Global Growth Divergence

Last week, Composite PMIs came in below expectations across continental Europe and in China. Stagflation is the fear in Europe, while deflation is the fear in China. Neither public sector appears ready to supply the liquidity required to ignite animal spirits within their respective economies and financial markets. Regarding the Composite PMI data specifically, only four (Japan, Russia, Brazil, and US) of the 13 economies that have reported thus far posted MoM accelerations in August. Only Japan, China, India, Russia, Brazil, and the US reported figures greater than 50, indicating expansion. Europe was a noteworthy laggard with Spain, Italy, France, Germany, Eurozone, and UK all slowing sequentially to sub-50 readings, indicating contraction.

It is now fashionable to make the short-USA/long-RoW (rest of world) call, citing valuation differentials, but we disagree with that view. Valuation is not a catalyst for market developments, Rather, valuation merely acts as an accelerant when flows reverse. FWIW, we do not believe valuations matter all the time; in fact, most of the time valuation is irrelevant because the overwhelming majority of investors cannot take risk in accordance the time horizons (3, 5, 10 years) that valuation metrics are most instructive on. Retail investors generally operate on short to medium-term time horizons because of FEAR and FOMO; institutional investors generally operate on short to medium-term time horizons because of career risk.

“No Landing” = No Liquidity, Says The US Dollar

The US Dollar Index is poised for its ninth consecutive weekly advance — the longest winning streak since 2005 as the global currency market rerates economic resiliency in the US and derates the economic outlooks in Europe and China. The reason why FX and interest rate volatility are drags on global liquidity is because when net international investment surplus economies like Japan and the Eurozone see their currencies weaken, it makes it harder for their financial intermediaries to create the dollars required to capitalize investments around the world. FX and interest rate volatility complicate that process and slow down the creation of new dollar supply at the margins.

Growth of the world’s demand for dollars is more stable due to the refinancing requirements of the existing stock of cross-border financing that is denominated in USD — roughly 50% of the total, with ~65% of cross-border loans and ~80% of international debt securities issued by entities that have no organic access to dollars. Thus, fluctuations in the supply of new dollars have an outsized influence in driving FX trends because of the relatively inelastic demand for dollars versus a more elastic dollar supply curve. More FX and interest rate volatility = marginal dollar supply falls faster than marginal dollar demand = stronger dollar. Less FX and interest rate volatility = marginal dollar supply rises faster than marginal dollar demand = weaker USD. This process is reflexive and feeds on itself until exogenous factors like central bank pivots inflect the trend. This is why price momentum in the currency market tends to trend.